مجله الجمعیه العلمیه الایرانیه للغه العربیه و آدابها، فصلیه علمیه محکمه
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 63، صیف 2022)

Critical discourse analysis is one of the scientific approaches in language studies that has raised discourse analysis from the level of text description to the level of interpretation and in terms of scope of research, has developed the level of context from the individual to the macro level, ie society, history and ideology. . The main purpose of discourse analysis is to achieve a new way of studying texts, media, cultures, sciences, politics, society and the like. In this article, Theon van Dyke's socio-cognitive approach was chosen as a special method for this research, because he has found a critical approach to critical discourse analysis. By combining the three concepts of discourse, knowledge, and society, he formed the triangle that formed the basis of his distinctive theory of critical discourse analysis. In this context, the poetic contradictions between Farzadagh and Jarir in the Umayyad period are among the works that can be studied in the field of critical discourse analysis, because they allow the analyst and the critic the relationship between power, ideology and discourse. Reveal it. This article tries to analyze the two satirical contradictions selected by Farzadagh and Jarir by relying on Van Dyke's ideological square which examines the subject of two contradictions from the perspective of self-emphasis (essence) and marginalization of the other (last). And put analysis; to show how the ideology of these two poets is shown in their satirical confrontations. One of the most prominent results we have reached through this article is that highlighting other negative points in both contradictions is much stronger than highlighting its positive points, resulting in a process of polarization and distance between oneself and another has been created. The similarity of formal structures puts the discourse of both contradictions in common contexts, which have similar designs and are a function of power-ideology relations.

Due to the evolution of literary genres such as novels, narrative description played a crucial role in narration to the extent that many contemporary literary men sought to explain the importance of narrative description and the impact of its application in the New Novel. Therefore, they framed the goals of narrative description, aiming at clarifying the place of description in novels and writing stories. The description, in the New Novel, is not limited to its previous goals such as enriching the narrative texts, but took on additional purposes and found a practical role in the New Novel. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, focuses on the aesthetics of narrative description in the Novel Caine! Where Is Your Brother Abel? By Ibrahim Al-Koni. A Libyan novelist fertilized the Arab community with novels containing new ideas and introducing new perspectives to the world. Using a literary language, the novel deals with the events that took place on Libyan lands during the reign of the Karamanlides. This novel depicts a period of the rule of Mohammad Ali Pasha Qaramanli and his sons and the competition for the throne. This research aims at carefully analyzing the functions of narrative description through exploring the description of characters, places and narration time. Of the most important results of this research is that there is a close relation between the descriptions used and the novelist's thoughts; and the internal description of the narrative characters is more beautiful and effective. Moreover, the use of descriptions and descriptive interruptions is what constitutes the intentions of the future in the novel, and the description of places in order to indicate the reality of events to the reader and stimulate his imagination to understand events, is in simple, expressive and witty language.

Similar to some notions and terms, charisma has numerous definitions but attractiveness and effectiveness are among the innate features of charismatic characters. Some have divided charisma into two types: temporary charisma and real charisma, and each has its own characteristics. It is not essential that a definite number of people acknowledge a person’s charisma. It will suffice if the person seems charismatic to one or a few people. Using the descriptive-analytical method, this study examines the charismatic characteristics of Mirla, the daughter of Aunt Rashid, the main character of the novel, in order to prove the reason for having this characteristic. Charisma of Mirla’s character was natural and it will not decline due to changes in the character’s wealth, position or social status which are likely to vary over time. The charisma originates from Mirla’s wisdom, deep perception and physical beauty. (f) Mirla has an essential attractive character. She inherited some of those characteristics from her mother and gained some others by persistence and not giving up like her attainment of freedom and independence; (g) Along with certain positive characteristics, she has certain negative charismatic characteristics which the reader might imitate unintentionally. This is why charisma and charismatic personalities are like double-edged sword as they could contribute to major decisions or deviate a man and limit him either willingly or unwillingly. In that case, the charismatic character evolves from a good personality into a cruel one. This transition occurs in Mila as she ignores her mother’s advice against her will.

One of the most important concepts in Russian formalist theory is defamiliarization, which aims to examine the aspects of language that lead to literary creation. All the techniques that the poet uses to alienate the world around him in the eyes of the audience are in the scope of defamiliarization. Ibn Farez, the famous poet of the valley of divine love in the history of Sufi poetry, is one of the most famous poets in the Arab world because his poems have all the technical features of Sufi poetry: a poem full of Qur'anic insights and philosophical opinions and it has new views on existence and human. Ibn Farez's Sufi language, with all its ups and downs at the linguistic level, attracts the reader's attention by creating new combinations at the concept level, removing the dust of habit from the ordinary Sufi concepts, and acquaints him with new combinations that benefit from the defamiliarization technique. By combining two terms, each with a different meaning, he creates new combinations that have new meanings or concepts that are outside of what is common in Sufi custom. In this article, we have tried to examine Ibn Farez's mystical recombinations by relying on the views of formalists in the field of defamiliarization and aberration. The findings of this study show that Ibn Farez by creating such new combinations, intended to create new concepts that emerged from his mystical states.

The author's ability to present ordinary issues in a new and unexpected way is called "unfamiliarity". The author's purpose in using this technique is to create a breach in the human being caught in repetition, stereotypes and habits in order to change his accustomed perception and feeling of various things. "Brid al-Layl" is the title of a novel by Hoda Barakat, a Lebanese writer living in France, which immediately attracted the readers' attention, as it won the "Arab Booker" award in 2018. This novel tells the story of those who, mainly due to forced migration, have experienced a crisis of relationship, especially between mothers and children, lover and lover, as well as a crisis of communication with other cultures. To illustrate this critical relationship, the author uses Ashkelovsky's de-familiarization technique. The present study, with its library studies and descriptiveanalytical approach, seeks to show the familiarity and defamiliarization in the character, plot, narrative and narration of the novel, which is presented as independent episodes in the form of correspondence. In this novel, the narrator of each episode is its central character. The results show that the author's goal of defamiliarization, creating doubt and penetration in macro-narratives such as mother and child and lover and lover to each other, as well as a relationship based on "kindness" to be able to break the taboo Emotional images depict the stalemate in the postmodern world.

An Islamic play is a play that it's structure is presented in a special framework of the play؛ It's difference with other plays is in it's islamic perspective. The play Al-Hurr Al-Riyahi by Abdul Wahed Abdurrazzaq is included in the islamic play which is written with the focus on the events of Karbala, focusing on the character of Hurr Riyahi. Abdurrazzaq, through the character of Hurr and by recounting the event of Karbala, has linked it to the situation in Iraq at the time. Examine the structure of this play and the degree of it's adaptation to the reality of Ashura in drawing the course of events and discover the author's style caused to analyzed this work with descriptive and library analytical method and based on the structure of Gustav Freytag german theorist. The five principles of Freytag were derived from Aristotle's theories and includes: Introduction، Rising action ،Climax، Falling action and result. An analysis of the play shows that the author has departed from the conventional and classical principles of playwriting and has turned to postmodern theater and Bertolt Brecht؛ because Abdurrazzaq Abdul Wahed, knows the dimensions of the Karbala incident beyond that It can be expressed with a classic and conventional narrative. So in his play did not adhere to the conventional principles of playwriting and with his work Offers a suggestion in the field of Ashura playwriting.

Narrative is a non-random but causal and chronological sequence of events. Every narrative consists of components; including the narrator and focalization. The focalization, which was previously confused between the point of view and the narrator, was studied scientifically by the French Gerard Genet as an independent element and caught the attention of writers and researchers. Hadiya Hussein (1956) is a contemporary Iraqi writer. The main subject of most of her novels are social issues with a political approach. She used a variety of narrators and focal points in his novels and was able to narrate various social events in Iraq in different time contexts. "Riyam and Kafi" is one of her novels in which she has used different types of focalization and different ways of narration. This led to the subject of this research. The present research tries to analyze the narrator and focalization of this novel using the theory of Gérard Genet in a descriptive-analytical way. This study shows that in this novel, the events are often viewed from the inner perspective of the focal narrator and other focal characters are almost absent; however, the attitude of the mother's character is the focal point of the narrator's attention. In this novel, the author has used the diversity of the narrator; In fact, the narrator is one person, but the type of narration is a combination of first person and third person narration; that is, the novel is narrated in three ways.

Language teachers are among the most important components in the language teaching enterprise, and their pivotal role is accentuated in almost all the prestigious language teaching methods. The present study aims to investigate the instructor’s function(s) in improving the listening and speaking skills of Arabic Language and Literature students; plus, it attempts to seek (and hopefully offer) possible strategies to improve these two skills. In order to address the research objectives and questions, (semi-structured) interviews were conducted with the university instructors and the data were qualitatively analyzed utilizing ATLAS ti qualitative software. The results point to some factors which are deemed among the major contributing factors to the students’ unsatisfactory listening competency (e.g. students' lack of motivation, unavailability of appropriate textbooks, limited hours devoted to these two skills compared to other courses, and some professed doubts about the expertise of a few instructors when it comes to the practical teaching of these two skills). The paper concludes with a discussion of the professors’ recommended strategies to improve the students' speaking and listening skills (e.g., motivating students, designing practical instructional booklets, and attending off-campus skill learning classes and courses).

Translation acts as one of the agents of thought change as a bridge for the transmission of thoughts from different languages to one another. Translation has long attracted the attention of translators, and its translation or non-translation has always been the subject of controversy among translation theorists. Poetry is in its most succinct form a language whose language is often not explicit but implicit and moving all of its semantic layers to the target language is very difficult. In translating poetry into Arabic, Iranian poets have moved on to other literary works. In this era, we are seeing more translators trying to translate contemporary Persian poetry. Many of these poems have been translated into Arabic by translators. This method deals with the translation process or the act of translation itself. His theory points to the literary formats that exist in any particular culture and one of its main achievements was that Attention to the relationship between the individual texts of origin and the destination focused on the relationships that exist between the destination texts themselves. the main result of the qualitative evaluation of Abdul Moneim's translation to Arabic Indicates that his work It has an acceptance in the destination culture but it is far from sufficient in the Farsi.

Semiotics is one of the new approaches in literary criticism that is one of the important tools for analyzing literary texts. In this regard, Roland Barthes's theory of five codes can be considered as a kind of layered semiotics that is a good tool to solve the literary complexities of fictional texts and decipher the meanings contained in it. The novel "Muftah Lanjavi" by the contemporary Lebanese author Faten alMurr, despite its contemporary style and multi-layered structure, can be a good example of the implementation of this theory. This research, relying on descriptiveanalytical method and providing examples of the story "Muftah Lanjavi" nalyzes this novel from the perspective of Barthes's five cryptographers. The importance of research is due to the fact that it analyzes a modern and feminine story in Arabic resistance literature based on the interpretation of various levels and layers of cryptography. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explain the various meanings of the signs, the analysis of the codes and the mental states of some of the characters in this novel.Among the achievements of this research is that; All five hermeneutic, symbolic, cultural, semantic and action codes are used in this novel and are effective in advancing the achievements of the narrative, but cultural codes seem to be more prominent than other types. This is due to the strong concept of resistance and the importance of paying attention to women in this novel. The novel "Muftah Lanjavi" is based on e-mails between the characters in the story, and is based on cyberspace, so there is no omniscient point of view in it. And the style of the story is such that it provides the capacity for various interpretations of it as well as the possibility of being read-written.